| Data Intake | ArcGIS Pro/QGIS; Sheets | Catalog shapefiles/GeoJSON/rasters and metadata. | Traceable datasets. |
| Editing & Attribution | ArcGIS/QGIS editors | Fix geometry, add fields, and populate attributes. | Usable layers. |
| Projections | CRS tools; reprojection | Identify/convert coordinate systems correctly. | Accurate overlays. |
| Basic Analysis | Buffers/joins; field calculator | Run proximity/overlay; compute summary stats. | Answers common questions. |
| Cartography | Layout view; symbology | Create clear legends, scales, and export PDFs. | Communication-ready maps. |
| Web Maps | ArcGIS Online; tiles | Publish simple web maps and control sharing. | Stakeholder access. |
| Documentation | Docs/metadata; ChatGPT/Claude | Write layer metadata and short methods notes. | Reproducibility. |